Review Study Guide

5 Themes of Geography: Region, place, location, movement, Human-Environment Interaction.

3 Types of Maps: Thematic, Political, Physical.

Why are the Kunlun Mountains important to China? Because they are the source of two of china's great rivers, the Huang He (yellow river) and the Chang Jiang (yangtze).

What is the approximate size of the Gobi Desert? 5 hundred thousand square miles.

What are some of the important islands to the country? Hainan,  part of Hong Kong.

Why are China's three river systems so important to the country? They provide transportation, irrigation, and hydroelectric power.

In which latitude and climate zones is most of China's productive agricultural land located? Humid Continental

What landforms make up the dry zones? Steppes and Deserts.

What two factors affect vegetation and temperature in the highland climate? Latitude and elevation.

What are some benefits of the Three Gorges Dam? Allow ships to sail further into China, generate hydroelectric power, and to prevent more flooding.

What are some drawbacks of the dam? Cost money, hundreds of square miles of land will be put underwater and if that happens factories submerged would probably leak chemicals into the water.

What are some of the ways in which the Japanese have adapted to living in a crowded space? Rooms are separated but sliding screen and people sleep on thin mattresses and they are stored during the day. It is also common for a family of four to live in one room apartments

Why did Shi Huangdi build a wall in northern China? He built it to protect them from the Barbarians.

How was China governed in its early history? Dynasty

What are some achievements China made in its early history? Great wall of China.

When did Europeans begin exploration of China? During the 13th century.

How was Europe able to gain access to Chinese markets in the 19th century? The Europeans forced China to sign a series of treaties taking advantage of their weak military and government.

Which political group has held considerable power in China for the last 50 years? The Communist Part.

What did the Communists party want for China's economy? They wanted to modernize China by encouraging the growth of industry.

At what point did China's economy begin to grow more rapidly? The 1980s

Where does most agriculture occur in China? Southern and Eastern basin.

Where does China get the resources that fuel the industrial economy? The heartland of China.

What item is especially popular as an export to the United States? Textiles

Name two important Chinese inventions. Typewriter,  Paper,  gun powder.

What are the predominant religions in China? Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism.

What is China's population? 1.3 Billion as of 2013

What animal was especially important to the Mongols? Horse.

What did Genghis Khan's name mean? Supreme Conqueror

Who controlled Mongolia in the 18th and 19th century? China

Which country has had the most influence and control in Taiwan? China

How is Mongolia's current economy different from its historical practices? Mongolia has shifted from primarily herding livestock to a market economy.

What is an economic tiger? A nation that has a rapid economic growth due to cheap labor, high technology, and aggressive exports.

Why might foreign companies want to work with Taiwanese companies? Because it is one of the most prosperous economies of the western pacific and it trades with many countries.

What industry is most successful in Taiwan? Technology.

What traditional influences can be seen in daily life in Mongolia? Herding from nomads and yurts.

Do most Americans live in rural areas like people in Mongolia or urban areas like the people in Taiwan? Urban like Taiwan.

When did Little League become popular in Taiwan? After World War II

What bodies of water surround Korea? Yellow Sea and the Sea of Japan.

What natural features influenced the settlement of Korea? Bodies of water surrounding the nation (peninsula isolation) and mountains.

What action have both Korean countries taken since World War II? They both built up huge armies.

What significant event occurred in 200? Both countries held a summit meeting in which they declared the intentions of reuniting. They also marched together in the Olympics held by Sydney Australia.

What type of economy did both North and South Korea have prior to the Korean War? Agriculture.

How are North and South Korea's economies different today? North Korea has natural resources and raw materials and South Korea has large industrial and technological based economy.

Which Korean country has a larger population? South

Which country did Dennis Rodman visit? North Korea

From where did the original inhabitants of Japan mostly come? The South Pacific, Siberia and Korea.

For whom did the Yamato clan claim descent? From the sun goddess.

For whom did the samurai work? Landowners and clan chiefs.

Where do most Japanese people live within Japan? In Urban cities.

Which island of Japan is considered the main island? Honshu

How is Japan able to manufacture many items for trade without natural resources? They receive imports of natural resources needed to manufacture.

How has Japan's economy recently changed? Their economy began to slow down, companies scaled back and some went bankrupt.

Which city is an excellent example of traditional Japanese culture? Kyoto

What do the Japanese believe is important in designing buildings? Harmony between buildings and its natural surroundings.

How does the Japanese school system compare with American education? Students attend school six days a week. They have a shorter summer vacation than American students. They attend six years of elementary school, and three years of j-high.

What are private college preparatory schools called in Japan? Juku

What two problems are the Japanese attempting to address in the future? Pollution and long work day/short vacations.

What are some examples of traditional Japanese culture? Traditional drama called Noh, and Japanese artworks like scrolls, ink paintings and block-prints.

How did the Western world influence Japan beginning in the 19th century? Since 1853 when Commodore Perry sailed his fleet into Tokyo Bay.

Main Idea Questions pg. 658

1. In what ways has China influenced other cultures in the region?
China has influenced Japanese language, culture, religion, and buildings.

2. How is China able to feed its enormous population?
Trade and high agriculture rates.


3. What are some of the basic beliefs of Confucianism?
Respect for the past and for one's ancestors, orderly society, children should obey their parents, and  parents should obey the government and emperor.


4. What kind of economy does Mongolia have, an what activity is at its core?
Mongolia still engages in herding and managing livestock; the economy was based on the nomadic herding of sheep, goats, camels, horses, and cattle.


5. What kind of economy does Taiwan have?
Taiwan's economy is based on its strong manufacturing industries and its trade with other nations.


6. Why did North Korea become a communist state and South Korea a democracy?
After the Korean War, the communist state of North Korea and the democratic country of South Korea remained hostile toward each other, but since 2000, they have taken small steps towards reunification.


7. Why is South Korea considered an economic tiger?
It is a highly successful and competitive economy.

8. Why did Japan emerge onto the world scene in 19th century?
During the late 19th century, Japan's government began bringing Japan into the modern age.

9. Why is the city of Kyoto Japan important?
The city of Kyoto is a monument to Japanese culture. The city contains Buddhist temples and Shinto shrines built of wood in the old style. The entire city is a living testament to Japanese ideas of beauty.

10. Where does Japan get its resources, and how does it use them in its industries?
Japan gets most of its resources by the global market; Japan uses these resources for mostly exports.

Main Ideas 1-10 pg. 672

1. What causes an earthquake? 
It is part of the Ring of Fire: A Chain of volcanoes that line the pacific rim.
2. Why are the Japanese islands so unstable?
Because of the shifting plates.
3. What are some Japanese organizations that help prepare for disasters?
Japanese Red Cross Society and the Asia Pacific Disaster Management Center.
4. What effect did Western nations have on economic development in East Asia? 
 Europe signed treaties that gave them some influence on the East.
5. What is the connection between industrialization and globalization? 

 East Asia used and shared theirs and other countries resources to help the industrial economy. When they did this they eventually began a global economy.

6. What are some of the things that went wrong in economics of the region. 

Debt and mismanagement.
7. What are some examples of the stress that population growth puts on the environment?
 The high demand for food and bad sanitization.
8. What are some effective ways to manage population growth. 
Family planing programs.
9. How developed was East Asia in the middle of the 20th century? 
 In the middle of the 20th century East Asia ranked among the least developed countries in the world.
10. How had East Asia changed by the beginning of the 21st century? 
They improved so much that their economy is better as well as their life expectancy.

Chapter 28 section 3

Chapter 28 Section 3                                                                                       McKenna


I) A Divided  Peninsula 
 a) Ancient Korea And Foreign Influences
   1. The ancestors of today's Koreans probably migrated into the peninsula of Manchuria and North China many thousands of years ago.
   2. Over the course of the centuries, different clans or groups controlled different pets of the country.
   3. China conquered the northern half of the peninsula.
II) Influences on Korean Culture
 a) The Chinese Influence 
   1. Korea adopted the religions, confucianism and buddhism from China.
   2. And in result, Korea has influenced its neighbors as well, Buddhism spread from Korea to Japan.
III) Moving Toward Unity 
 a) An Armed Society 
   1. After World War II, both North Korea and South Korea built up huge armies.
   2. The armed forces of South Korea numbered at more that 600,000 soldiers and sailors.
   3. Both countries have existed with the threat of war for many years.
   4. Only recently has there been an attempt to defuse the situation.
b) A Single Flag
   1. In June 2000, the leaders of both Koreas held a summit meeting at which they declared their intention to reunite the two countries.
   2. They agreed to discuss clearing land mines so they could rebuild a rail link between the two countries.
IV) Economic and Human Resources
 a) Economic Patterns 
   1. If North and South Korea do end up reuniting, they will form an economic powerhouse.
   2. North Korea will be able to provide natural resources and raw materials for South Korea's industries.
   3. South Korea will provide great trading economically.
  b) Population Patterns 
   1. Most of the people in Korea live on the plains along the coast or in river valleys among the mountains of the peninsula.
   2. Seoul is by far the largest city in South Korea, its population is over 10 million.
   3. P'yongyang is the largest city in North Korea , its population is over 2.5 million.

Summary: Korea is made up of a Peninsula, these countries shape and ironically shaped its history.
The shadow cast by China has fallen across the Korean peninsula. Korean culture, including art and religion, shows this influence. The most important and recent development in the Korea's is the movement toward uniting the countries. There would definitely be obstacles both countries has, being that North Korea is Communist and South Korea is democratic.

Chapter 28 Section 2

I) A History of Nomads and Traders
 a. The Mongolian Empires
   1. The Mongols were nomadic herders for thousands of years.
   2. Mongol history was changed forever by Genghis Kahn, a title that means "supreme conqueror."
   3. Genghis Kahn died in 1227, having conquered all of Central Asia and begun the conquest of    China.
   4. The Mongol Empire broke up in the 1300s.
   5. Under the effluence of its powerful neighbor Russia, Mongolia became the Mongolian People's Republic in 1924.
 b. Taiwan's link to China
   1. The Island of Taiwan experienced many prehistoric migrations from southern China and southeast Asia.
   2. Malay and Polynesian peoples also settled there.
   3. Over the centuries, other settlers and groups of people also settled there.
 II) Cultures of Mongolia and Taiwan
 a. Mongolia
   1. Mongolia has both ruled and been ruled by China.
   2. Kublai Khan was the Mongol Emperor of China when Marco Polo visited in the 13th century.
   3. In the mid-14th century, the Chinese rose up against their Mongol rulers and drove them out of China.
a. Economic Prospects For Mongolia
   1. A large part of the population of Mongolia still engages in herding and managing livestock.
   2. For centuries, the economy was based on the nomadic herding of sheep, goats, camels, horses, and cattle.
   3. Animals and animal products are used for domestic consumption as well as for export.
   4. Under the communist government, the state owned and operated most of the factories in the country.
   5. Mongolia has large deposits of fuels such as coal, petroleum, copper, gold and iron.
 b. Taiwans Economic Success
   1. Taiwan has one of the world's most successful economies.
   2. An economic tiger is a nation that has rapid economic growth due to cheap labor, high technology, and aggressive exports.
   3. Pacific Rim is the countries surrounding the Pacific Ocean.
IV) Daily Life in Mongolia and Taiwan
a. Herding In Mongolia
   1. The climate is very extreme, long, cold winters lasting six months alternate with short, hot summers of only two months.
b. Western Influences In Taiwan
   1. Baseball has become popular in Taiwan and in other parts of of Asia, one in particular, Japan.
   2. Little League became popular after World War II.
 

Summary: The History of Mongolia and Taiwan have been closely connected to China.
China is a cultural trend setter if you will, that has influenced its neighbor countries. It has invented many important things that has shaped Mongolia and Taiwan and the rest of the region. The economies of Mongolia and Taiwan have been raising livestock, which is the core of the Mongolian economy and a part of the nomadic life. Taiwan is one of the economic tigers of the region because of its great trade economy. The daily life has a great mix of traditional influences and modern influences making it very diverse.

Review

1) Why did Shi Huangdi build a wall in northern China? 
To close gaps between smaller walls.

2) How was China governed in its early history? 
China started with dynasties before becoming Communist.

3) What are some achievements China made in its early history?
The Qin dynasty gave China its name.

4) When did Europeans begin exploration of China?
 The 13th century with Marco Polo.

5) How was Europe able to gain access to Chinese markets in the 19th century? 
The Chinese government and military was weak, when they sought power.

6) Which political group has held considerable power in China for the last 50 years?
The Communists.

7) What did the Communist party want for China's economy?

 They wanted to move toward industrialism.

8) Where does China get the resources that fuel the industrial economy?
 Shanghai is the leading center of manufacturing along with Beijing and Tianjin.

9) What item is especially popular as an export to the U.S.
Textiles.

10) Name two important Chinese inventions?
Paper and printing.

11) What are the predominant religions of China? 
Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism.

12) What is China's population?
1.357 Billion (as of 2013)

Africa Review

1) What are the five sub-regions of Africa? 

North, West, South, East and Central Africa. 

2) Why is East Africa known as the cradle of humanity?

Because this is believed to be where the start of the earth was.

3) What were some early civilizations of East Africa?  What was their economy based on? Askumi, Kilwa are some of the early civilization of East Africa. Trade.

4) What was the Berlin Conference?  Why - particularly - did it happen? The Berlin Conference divided Africa. There were a lot of wars over who does or should own what land.

5) How did colonization cause conflicts in East Africa after independence? Colonization caused conflicts in East Africa after independence by Europeans placed border that paid little attention to groups in Africa.

6) Why are Liberia and Ethiopia important?  Those were the only two countries that remained free from colonization.

7) What are some cash crops of East Africa? Coffee, sugar, and tea. 

8) What is East Africa's most critical health-care problem? AIDS.

9) Name two ancient empires of North Africa? Carthage and the Nile

10) What practices did the world acquire from Ancient Egypt? Farming and Building. 

11) What North Africa countries have had the economies transformed by oil? Algeria, Libya, and Tunisia. 

12) What is Rai? A kind of music developed in the 1920s by poor urban children. 

13) Discuss the changing roles of women in North Africa? Well the women there didn't have much freedom, because the man of the house was in charge of them, but through the years they are getting more and more freedom. 

14) Why is Goree Island important? The island served as one of the busiest points of slave trade. 

15) List three trading empires of West Africa?  What did they trade? Ghana, Mali, and Songhai. Gold and Salt. 

16) What is a stateless society?  How has West Africa's traditional stateless societies caused problems after colonization? A society in which people rely on family lineages to govern.

17) What are some roadblocks to economic development in West Africa? Colonialism.

18) Discuss West African music. Traditional African music is a blend of american forms of jazz, blues, and reggae.

19) What is Bantu important? Is a group of peoples and cultures who speak one of the Bantu languages. 

20) What was Sao Tome established for? Slave trade post.

21) Who was King Leopold II?  Why was he important? King of Belgium, first showed interest in Africa, starting the Berlin Conference. 
Problems for ethnic groups, government instability, and lack of resources.

22) What are the lasting effects of colonialism in Central Africa? Still recovering from the loss of recourses, the disruption of its political systems, and the cultural and ethnic oppression of its people. 

23) What major problems does Central Africa have in education? A shortage of trained teachers, a high dropout rate, and a shortage of secondary schools. 

24) Who ended the apartheid in South Africa? Nelson Mandela

25) How does modern Johannesburg reflect the problems created by the apartheid Developed into two different cities because of their laws about the blacks.

Chapter 19 Section 4

Central Africa 

I) Bantu Migrations and Colonial Exploration 
Central Africa includes Cameroon, Central African Republic, Democratic republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and Sao Tome and Principe.
a. Bantu Migrations 
  1. The Bantu are groups of peoples and cultures who speak one of the Bantu languages.
  2. The Bantu migrations are a key event in Africa's  history.
  3. They produced a great diversity of cultures but also helped link various areas of the continent.
b. The Slave Trade
  1. Europeans wanted slaves for their plantations in the Americas.
  2. In the 15th century, the Portuguese established the island of Sao Tome, off the coast of what is now Gabon, as the initial base for trade in African captives.
c. Start of Colonialism
  1. In the mid-1800s, Central Africa consisted of hundreds of different ethnic groups, which followed traditional religions and spoke hundreds of different languages.
  2. Europeans had been in Africa since the mid-15th century, but stayed mainly on the coast.
  3. King Leopold II of Belgium developed an interest in the Congo after it had been explored in the 1870s.
d. Effects of Colonialism
  1. During the 19th and 20th centuries, primarily the Belgians and French colonized Central Africa.
  2. Before colonization, a village, a tribal chief, or a group of elders would consult with various leaders within a village to make decisions that affected only that village.

II) The Economic Legacy of Colonialism
a. Economic Effects
  1. Central Africa's economy is still trying to recover from the effects of colonialism: the loss of recourses, the disruption of its political systems, and the cultural and ethnic oppression of its people.
b. Congo's Economic Chaos 
  1. A good example of economic problems caused by colonization can be seen in the Democratic Republic of Congo.
  2. The country possesses huge amounts of natural recourses such as gold, diamonds, and copper.
  3. Although, European colonization and a personal desire for power and riches by post colonial leaders left the country in a state of dismay.

III) The Influence of Central African Art
a. Central African Art
  1. During the 20th century, some Central African Art reflected attitudes towards colonialism.
  2. After gaining independence in the 1960s, many countries wanted to establish their own identities.
  3. In the 1970s, Mobutu Sese Seko launched a program to promote African, in particular, Congolese culture above that of the west.
b. Fang Sculpture 
  1. Prior to the 20th century, very few people knew about African art.
  2. In 1907, the famous Spanish artist Pablo Picasso saw a display of African Fang sculpture.

IV) Improving Education 
a. Education Faces Barriers 
  1. Adequate schooling for many of Africa's young people is in short supply.
  2. Education problems in Africa include shortage of trained teachers, a high dropout rate, and shortage of secondary school.
b. Learning In Central Africa
  1. Because the high rate of dropouts, most kids leave school around the age of 12.
  2. Many Central African countries are improving their educational systems.
  3. In 1991, Cameroon create two hem universities.
  4. The republic of the Congo offers vocational, agriculture, and teacher training courses.

Chapter 19 Section 3

West Africa

I) A History of Rich Trading Empires
a. Three Trading Empires
  1. The empires of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai thrived in West Africa because of their location on trade routes across the Sahara.
  2. Gold and salt were some of the main products traded.
  3. Ghana became an empire around A.D. 800 but began to decline in power by the end of the 11th century.
  4. A Moroccan army invaded Songhai and defeated it, destroying the empire.
b. Stateless Societies
  1. West Africa is filled with many different cultures and people.
  2. Before colonialism, some of these people lived in what are called stateless societies.
  3. A stateless society is one in which people rely on family lineages to govern themselves, rather than an elected government or a monarch.

II) West Africa Struggles Economically
a. Ghana's Stability
  1. Ghana's economy relies primarily on the export of gold, diamonds, magnesium, and bauxite to the industrialized world.
  2. Ghana's per capita output is about twice that of the poorest African countries.
  3. Ghana's transition from colonialism to democracy has had setbacks, including military rule and civil war.
b. Problems In Sierra Leone 
  1. Some of the worst economic conditions in West Africa happen in Sierra Leone.
  2. Although, years of political instability and civil wars have left the economy in shambles.

III) Cultural Symbols of West Africa 
a. Ashanti Crafts
  1. The Ashanti, who live in Ghana, are known for their work in weaving colorful asasia, what westerners call kente cloth.
  2. The designs of kente cloth contain colorful woven geometric figures with specific meanings.
  3. Other crafts include making masks and carving wood.
b. Benin Art
  1. The kingdom of Benin, which has no direct connection with the current country of Benin, arose in what is now Nigeria in the 1200s.
  2. Their most important works were fashioned from brass and are called Benin "bronzes."
  3. A common subject of Benin "bronzes" was that of the queen mother.

IV) Music In Daily Life
a. Western African Music
  1. West African popular music involves a blend of traditional African music with American forms of Jazz, Blues, and Reggae.
  2. All of those did indeed originate in West Africa.
  3. West African music is played on a wide variety of drums and other instruments such as the kora, a cross between a harp and a lute.
  4. King Sunny Ade, aka the "minister of enjoyment," is a popular musician from Nigeria.

North Africa

1) What form of government did ancient Egypt have? Monarchy 
2) What practices did the ancient world acquire from Egypt? Living in and farming villages.
3) How did Muslims gain control of North Africa? Muslim armies swept into lower Egypt, which was then part of the byzantine Empire. Muslims bound their territory together with a network of sea-linked trading zones. 
4) What countries make up North Africa? Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, South Sudan, Sudan, and Tunisia. 
5) How has North Africa's economic base evolved? The oil transformed the economy because of its increase. 
6) Why has the oil industry failed to benefit local workers? The labor force cannot meet the demands of the oil industry because of a lack of training and education. 
7) How are prices set for products sold at souks? Very high. So thats where the haggling comes in. 
8) How has rai music changed since its beginnings? It was at first carefree and for the youth, but its more contains elements of popular Western music
9) What was the traditional role for North African women? They were controlled by their husbands, and didn't have much of a say for what they did and didn't do.
10) What gains have Tunisian women made outside the home? They are able to have professional jobs, and they can vote.

Africa

1) What were some early civilizations in East Africa?  Why were these civilizations important? The Aksum,which is now referred to as Ethiopia. The Red Sea and Indian Ocean made it important because it was turned into a trading center and contributed to its expansion and power.
2) What happened at the Berlin Conference of 1884-1885? European nations convened to lay down rules to divide Africa.
3) What African countries managed to remain free of European control? Ethiopia and Liberia.
4) How did colonialism cause conflicts in East Africa after independence? Ethnic boundaries created cultural division that hadn't been there before the Europeans came and divided everything up.
5) How did Ethiopia manage to defeat Italy in 1896? With weapons and great knowledge of the land.
6) What are some cash crops of East Africa? Tea, Sugar and coffee.
7) What is East Africa's most critical health-care problem. The huge amount of AIDS.
8) Research the Rwanda massacre (genocide?) and briefly discuss what happened and why. In 100 days, around 800,000 people were killed by the Hutus. The Hutus used this as an excuse for the genocide. 

Chapter 19 Section 1

East Africa

I) Continental Crossroads
a. A trading coast
  1. East Africa was a place where early civilizations developed.
  2. Aksum, an important civilization, which emerged in present day Ethiopia in the A.D. 100s.
  3. Aksum's location on the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean made it an important trading center.
  4. During the 6th Century, Aksum lost many trading partners.

II) Colonization Disrupts Africa
a. Scramble For Africa
  1. Europeans did not want to fight over Africa.
  2. Fourteen European nations convened the Berlin Conference in 1884-1885, to lay down rules for dividing Africa.
  3. Nations that attended the Berlin Conference decided that any European country could claim land in Africa by telling other nations of their claims and by showing they could control the area.
  4. Europe's division of Africa was one of the main causes of the political violence and ethnic conflicts in Africa in the 20th century.
b. Ethiopia Avoids Colonization
  1. Ethiopia is one country that escaped European colonization.
  2. Ethiopia's emperor, Menelik II, skillfully protected his country from the Italian invasion with weapons from France and Russia.
  3. Ethiopia defeated Italy in 1896.
c. Conflict In East Africa
  1. By the 1970's, most of East Africa had regained its independence from Europe.
  2. Some cultural divisions often caused internal conflicts among native groups.

III) Farming and Tourism Economies
a. Farming in East Africa
  1. East Africa is around 60 percent rural.
  2. Since European colonization in the 19th century, countries have relied more on cash crops.
  3. Relying on cash crops can be tricky because, the price if crops varies according to the world market.
b. Tourism Creates Wealth and Problems
  1. One of the main economic activities in East Africa is in fact, tourism.
  2. Some world famous countries in this region are: Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania.
  3. In 1938, Europeans created the game reserves because they were killing animals for sport at a high rate.

IV) Maintaining Tradition Cultures
a. Cultures of East Africa
  1. Two major ethnic groups in East Africa are, the Masai and the Kikuyu.
  2. The Kikuyu are the largest ethnic group in Kenya, there are around 9 million of them.

V) Health Care in Modern Africa
a. Health Care in Africa
  1. AIDS has become a pandemic and is having a devastating effect on the continent.
  2. A pandemic is an uncontrollable out-break of a disease affecting a large population over a wide geographic area.
  3. AIDS is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
  4. Some medical geographers predict that the populations of Africa's worst affected countries could decline by 10 to 20 percent.

Chapter 18 Section 3

Human-Enviroment Interaction

I) Desertification of the Sahel 

    Sahel means "shore of the desert" in Arabic.

a. Human causes of desertification

   1. Desertification is an expansion of dry conditions into moist areas that are next to deserts. 

   2. Allowing overgrazing of vegetation by livestock exposes the soil which increase the case of desertification.

   3. When farmers clear the land to plant crops, they expose the soil to wind, which causes erosion. 

   4. Increasing population levels are an indirect cause of desertification. 

b. Results of desertification

   1. Desertification has affected many parts of Africa. 

   2. This is slowly destroying a tropical rain forest around Lake Chad in the southern edge of the Sahel.

II) Harming the Environment in Nigeria

     Rich oil deposits in the Niger delta made Nigeria on of the wealthiest countries.

a. A major oil producer

   1. Nigeria is the eighth leading oil exporter in the world. 

   2. Two million barrels are extracted each day, and a lot of it is shipped to the U.S.

   3. Oil accounts for 80-90% of Nigeria's income.

b. Destroying the land and people

   1. The damage caused by oil companies and the Nigerian government has been severe.

   2. Over 4,000 oil spills have occurred in the Niger delta over the past four decades.

   3. Between 1998 and 2000, oil pipeline explosions killed more that 2,000 people.

c. A new start

   1. In 1999, Nigeria adopted a new constitution, and in May, Olusegun Obasanjo became Nigeria's new president.

   2. In April 2007, Nigeria elected a new president, Umaru Musa Yar'Adua.

III) Controlling the Nile

     Egypt faces environmental challenges cause by water.

a. The Aswan High Dam

    1. The Aswan Dam was created in 1970, and was built by rocks from the channel.

    2. The dam gives the farmers a regular supply of water.

    3. The water has increased Egypt's Farmable land by 50%.

b. Problems with the dam

    1. During the dams construction, many people had to be relocated, including thousands of Nubians, whose way of life changed drastically. 

    2. The dam also decreased the fertility of the soil around the Nile.

   

1. Its waters have provided irrigation for the region for thousands of years.
2. gold, platinum, chromium, colbalt, copper, phosphates, diamonds.
3. Because recently discovered oil deposits will likely enable Angola to surpass as Africa's most oil-rich country. But the Angolan government spent much of the money on fighting a civil war.
4. It stretches around 3,000 miles across the continent, from the Atlantic Ocean to the Red Sea, and runs 1,200 miles from north to south.
5. The amount of rain fall can very greatly year to year as well as season to season.
6. The abundance of grass.
7. It is home to hundreds of species of birds, And a massive number of plants, leaves, and trees.

Main Ideas 18 section 2

 a. What is the largest climatic feature in Africa?
The Sahara Desert

b. Why does most of Africa have high temperatures?
Because most of the continent lies within the tropics of Capricorn.

c. What are the different kinds of vegetation growing in Africa?
Thick rain forests, tall grasslands, and desert areas.

Chapter 18 Section 2

Climate and Vegetation

I) A Warm Continent
 
 a. The Deserts

1. Two deserts, the Kalahari and Namib, can be found in southern Africa
2. Africa is the home to the world's largest dessert, the Sahara.
3. Aquifers are huge stores of underground water.
4. An Oasis is when the water has come to the surface.

 b. The Tropics

1. Africa has a large tropic area, the largest of any continent.
2. In humid regions of the tropics, variance in temperature between winter and summer are slight.

III) Sunshine and Rainfall

  a. Rainfall Patterns

1. The rain forest in Central Africa receives the most precipitation, as rain falls throughout the year.
2. The closer an area is to the desert, the longer the dry season will be.
3. The region around Monrovia, Liberia, experiences an average annual rainfall of more than 120 inches.
4. Children living in this area might not even see rain until they're five or six years old.

IV) A Grassy Continent

 a. Tropical Grassland

1.Tropical grassland cover most of the continent.
2. An example of a grassland is, the Serengeti Plain in Northern Tanzania.

V) Africa's Extreme

  a. Rain Forest

1.The major rain forests of Africa sit on the equator in the area of the Congo Basin.
2. More than 600 species of trees are found in the Congo basin rain forest.
3. Plants and other vegetation quickly decompose, or decay.

  b. Varieties of Plantlife

1. All of Africa's regions contain a variety of vegetation.
2. The Mangrove tree roots are breeding grounds for fish.

1) What percentage of water has the Aral Sea lost? 80%
2) Why has this water been lost? Because they built a wall splitting the lake up, so they country had more room for crops such as cotton. 
3) What other environmental problems affect the area? Because the lake is dried up, the winds come through and stir up the dust, which has paracides. 
4) What would have to be done to keep the lake at its present level? You would have to remove 9 of the 18 million acres that are now used for farming. 
5) What did you learn about Lake Biakal from the video? We learned that it contains pollution. 
6) In the city of Verkhoyansk what extreme temperatures have been recorded? -90F in the winter 90F in the summer. 
7) How did Russia's harsh winter help the country in the 1800s (and during WWII)? 
Because when Napoleon and his army were going to invade Russia, the weather got so intense, they had to turn around and go home.
8) What made the building of the Trans-Siberian Railroad an enormous undertaking? It cover more than 5,700 miles and 70,000 workers moved 77 million cubic feet of the earth.
9) Research and find a major city in Siberia.  What is its population and major attractions? Novosibirsk's population is 1,523,801. Its major attractions are Novosibirsk Zoo, and The State Academic Opera and Ballet Theatre. 

Homework 2/24

1) List three important cities that are located in the Northern European Plain. St. Petersburg, Keiv, and Moscow.
2) What percentage of the region's population lives in this plain? 75%
3) What border do the Caucasus Mountains form? Between Russia and Transcaucasia. 
4) What are the two largest lakes in Central Asia? The Caspian and Aral seas. 
5) How long is the Volga River? 2,300 miles and is the largest river on the European continent. 
6) Why is Lake Baikal important? Because it holds 20% of the worlds fresh water, and is the deepest lake in the world. 
7) What are some of the resources that have been developed in Russia and the Republics?Natural gas, timber.
8) Why might extracting and transporting the region's resources be difficult? Most of them are in siberia, which has a harsh climate.

1) How do people in your country feel about EU membership? We all want it to have a more stable economy.
2) How might future expansion affect the economies of your country? It would make it more stable and consistent.
3) What potential problems face nations who want to adopt the euro?? With Euro value declining could cause the economy to drop and transitional period changing out the old currency to the Euro would create economic instability. 
4) What political or cultural issues might arise because of the EU expansion? That they would possibly not be able to fix their immigration problems before
5) What did you learn about other countries through their presentations (list two distinct and detailed things). If Romania does change to euro, it would increase its value. 

1) Why can Europe be called a peninsula of peninsulas? 
Its a Large peninsula that consists of smaller ones.
2) Where does the Danube flow?
Through the heart of Europe West to East 
3) What is the most important plain in Europe?
The Northern European Plain 
4) What resources does Europe have in abundance?
Coal, Iron, and Ore.
5) Why do the Irish burn peat?
They didn't have much fuel so they way they could produce more, is to turn to peat. 
6) How are the landforms of Europe both an advantage and disadvantage? 
mountains can cause warmer weather. and it blocks out travel, people and languages.
7) What is the North Atlantic Drift?
The winds come from the Atlantic Ocean. 
8) What parts of Europe benefit from the Mediterranean climate?
southern Spain, Italy, Greece.
9) Why do trees not grow in upper Scandinavia? 
Because of permafrost 
10) What percentage of the Netherlands was once under the sea? 
more than 40%
11) Why did Venice grow? 
because it became a trading post and the people were running from invaders, so they decided to stay and build Venice.
12) What problems face Venice today?
Because of pollution, and the fact that Venice is continually sinking.
13) What actions have led to deforestation in Europe?
Trees were cut down for Venice, acid rain.
14) Why was Ancient Greece important? 
The first democracy.
15) What are some of Rome's cultural legacies? 
The latin language and idea of government.
16) What were the crusades?
A series of battles to take over the muslims.
17) How has Mediterranean Europe's economy changed since WWII. 
The North is closer to other industrial countries of Europe, such as Germany and France.
18) Why are France and Germany the dominant countries of Western Europe? 
The founders of the EU and they both have a lot of recourses.
19) How did language differences develop in Western Europe? 
The leading power in history changed from Germanic and Romantic languages.
20) Why was the Berlin Wall built?  When did it come down? 
t was built to divide the Communist Germany from the non- Communist Germany. It came down in 1989.
21) List the four sub-region of Europe.  Be able to list the countries in each sub-region.      
Mediterranean(Portugal, Spain, Andorra,Italy,Greece,Malta.) Eastern(Germany, France, Belgium, Luxembourg,Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria) Western(Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia, Yugoslavia, Macedonia, Romania, Albania, Bosnia) and Northern Europe(Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark, Ireland, Iceland, United Kingdom.
22) What is the history of Northern Europe? 
Germany was a big part in the time of World Wars. Government. Vikings. The british Empires.
23)  What country in Northern Europe chose not to join the EU? 
Norway
24) Where did the industrial revolution start? Western Europe.
25) Why has there been turmoil in Eastern Europe? 
A lot of poverty, religion, Different countries with different ideas. 
26) What problems existed in the Eastern European economy under Communist rule? 
Out dated technology, racism, and lack of trade because of communism.
27) How did the Reformation create new cultural divisions?

Catholics broke off from the church creating the protestant church.

1) Where did the industrial Revolution begin and to where did it spread? It started in Britain, and spread to, Belgium, France, Germany, and the United States. 

2) What are some characteristics of governments in Northern Europe? Well, Britain's government is a monarchy that also has a parliament. 

3) How did conquest influence the languages spoken in Northern Europe? When Germanic tribes migrated to the Scandinavian Peninsula and the British Isles, they pouched the previous inhabitants north west. 

4) How did the industrial Revolution spur the growth of the British Empire? It motivated Britain's empire building. 

5) How did the Reformation affect Northern Europe? It caused different churches and countries to break apart to different beliefs.

6) Who are some important writers from Northern Europe? William Shakespeare, William Wordsworth, Charlotte Bronte, and James Joyce. 

7) What Northern European country did not join the EU?  Why? Norway didn't join the EU because it didn't want to risk loosing any of its Independence or Economy.

8) What was the Magna Carta?  Why is it important? A document that inspired such political ideas as trial by and no taxation without representation. 

9) What are the countries of Northern Europe? United Kingdom, Ireland, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden.

Northern Europe

A Human Perspective

I) A History of Seafaring Conquerors
The Nordic countries include, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden.

  a) Early Conquerors
1. In ancient times, waves of migrating people settled Northern Europe.
2. Each new group made an effort to push the previous residents out of its way.
3. Ancient Britain was invaded by many peoples, one of them being the Celts.
4. Because of the Norsemen invading as well, theEnglish language acquired many words of the French origin.

  b) Dreams of Empire
1. Denmark, Sweden, and Norway each became a kingdom during the 900s.
2. Great Britain built an empire that strongly affected the rest of the world.
3. Over some odd years, England won control of its neighbors, those of which are, Wales, Ireland, and Scotland.
4. Great Britain built a global empire, and by the 1800s, it had colonies in the Americas, Asia, Africa, and Oceania.

II) Moving into the Modern Age
Great Britain played a role in shaping our modern world.

  a) Representative Government
1. Britain's government is a monarchy that also has a parliament.
2. A parliament is a representative lawmaking body whose members are elected or appointment.
3. These ideas later spread to the U.S, Canada, and various British colonies.
 
b) Industrial Revolution
1. Deposits of Iron, Ore and Coal helped Britain to be the first nation to industrialize.
2. The industry used Coal as fuel and Iron to make machinery.
3. Britain imported raw materials from its colonies and sold finished goods to those countries.

  c) Since 1900
1. In the 20th century, the Nordic countries didn't really want to be invoked with other nations affairs.
2. Resulting to that, Great Britain played a major role in both world wars, fighting as one of the victorious Allies.
3. Post World War II, the British Empire underwent major change as almost all of its colonies gained independence.
 
d) The Irish Question
1. Protestant English rulers held their hold on Catholic Ireland by seizing Irish land and giving it to Scottish and English Protestants.


III) Economics: Diversity and Change

  a) Industry and Resources
1. Sweden and the United Kingdom have many types of manufacturing in common.
2. Northern Europe's economy benefits from its many natural recourses.

b) High-Tech
1. The production of computer software and hardware has been a major part of Irelands economy since the 1970s.
2. In the 1990s, the section of Scotland between Glasgow and Edinburgh became known as Silicon Glen, because it had so many high-tech companies, which use silicon computer chips.

c) Union or Independence 
1. Most nations in this region joined the European Union (EU), but Norway has chosen not to do so.
2. Not everyone was a fan of the EU policy.
3. In September 2000, Denmark voted against adopting the euro.

IV) Cultural Similarities and Modern Art

  a) Similar Languages and Religions 
1. Most people of Northern Europe speak a Germanic language.
2. When Germanic tribes migrated to the Scandinavian Peninsula and British Isles, they pushed the previous inhabitants north and west.
3. The Reformation, which began in near Germany in the 1500s, swept through Northern Europe.
4. A handful of Protestant churches took root there.
5. Most of the region still remans Protestant,  leaving Irelands main religion Catholic.

b) Modern Culture and Literature
1. The Norwegian playwright Henrik Ibsen is sometimes called the father of modern drama.
2. Ingmar Bergman, a Swedish director, influenced movies with his intensely personal films.
3. Both men raised psychological issues in their work that remained important in modern life.
4. Great Britain and Ireland had their strongest artistic influence on world literature, in saying that, many people consider William Shakespeare the greatest playwright of all time.

VI) Life in Northern Europe

a) Social Welfare 
1. For the most part, the governments of Northern Europe take great responsibility for the welfare of their people.
2. For instance, Finland, Norway, and Sweden give families a yearly allowance to help raise their children.
3. The Nordic governments help fund national health insurance programs, as well as Britain.

b) Distinctive Customs 
1. Some social customs of Northern Europe have gained worldwide fame.
2. For example, the British are known for afternoon tea, a small meal of sandwiches, breads, cakes, and tea.
3. The Swedes developed the smorgasbord, which is a large assortment of hot and cold dishes served buffet style.

c) Leisure
1. Even through the cold climates the Nordic countries have, outdoor sports still remain popular there.
2. Some of the winter Olympic sports developed in Norway and other Nordic countries, which include, cross-country skiing and ski jumping.
3. Many British enjoy horseback riding, horse jumping and fox hunting.
4. The British developed two sports that are quite unique, those being, Rugby and Cricket.

Review Questions:

1) What did you learn about EU countries in this section? The cultural divisions they go through. As well as a lot of changes.
2) How do language and religion reflect the cultural division in Western Europe? The Reformation was a religious movement during The Renaissance, Christians broke away from the Catholic Church and started Protestant churches. Hostility between the Catholics and Protestants led to fights and tore up Europe.
3) Which Western European leaders tried to unify Europe through conquest? Adolf Hitler, Napoleon, and Charlemagne.
4) In what way does Western Europe have a diverse economy? Western Europe has a diverse economy because of vehicles, textiles, fashion... ect. 
5) What was the Reformation? A religious movement created new differences.
6) What was the Holocaust? A program of mass murder of two-thirds of European Jews, led by Nazis, run by Hitler.
7) What was the Berlin Wall? Is what divided Berlin into two. 
8) What are some characteristics of Modern Life in Western Europe? Europeans receive more paid vacation than Americans. Europeans live in smaller houses than Americans, so they go to public places more often to socialize. 

Three things I found interesting was, 1. The take on the Renaissance and how the Reformation and the Christians breaking the Catholic Church. 2. The differences with Europe and America in modern life. 3. How Germany and Austria are famous for music. 

My question is: If the Reformation didn't happen, where would the Catholic church and Christians stand?

Outline for Chapter 13 Section 2

Western Europe

I) A History of Cultural Divisions

France and Germany are the dominant countries in Western Europe. They are also the two largest countries, and their access to recourses, ports, and trade routes helped them to build productive economies.

A) Rome to Charlemagne

  1) Roman Empire conquered the Celtic tribes in France by 50 B.C.
  2) French is one of the Roman languages evolved from latin.
  3) In the late 700s Charlemagne, a German King, conquered most of the region.
  4) His empire fell apart after his death.

B) The Reformation

  1) The Reformation was a religious movement during The Renaissance
  2) In 1517,  Martin Luther published 95 statements that criticized church practices that he personally believed was wrong.
  3) Christians broke away from the Catholic Church and started Protestant churches.
  4) Hostility between the Catholics and Protestants led to fights and tore up Europe.
  5) France is mostly Catholic. The Netherlands, Switzerland, and Germany contain both Protestant and Catholic.

II) The Rise of Nation-States

Between the fall of Rome and the Renaissance, it is called The Middle Ages.

A) Nationalism

  1) Feudalism was a political system in which powerful lords owned mist of the land.
  2) Nationalism is the belief that people should be loyal to their nation, the people with whom they share land, culture, and history.
  3) France was one of the first nation-states, and by the late 1600s, held absolute power.
  4) Western Europe experienced industrial growth, and had caused the European nations to set up colonies in other lands in order to gain raw material and markets.
 
B) Modern Conflicts

  1) A competition for colonies among European nations, helped cause World War I.
  2) German resentment caused World War II.
  3) During World War II, Germany was led by Hitler and the Nazi party.
  4) The Nazis carried out the Holocaust, a program in which two-thirds of the European population, were murdered.
  5) In 1989, anti-Communist reforms swept Europe, because of the protests. East Germany opened the Berlin Wall.
 
III. Economics: Diversity and Luxury

Since the Middle Ages, Western Europe has been rich in agriculture.

A) Agriculture to High-Tech

  1) Dairy farming and livestock provide most of the agricultural income in Belgium, France, the Netherlands, and Switzerland.
  2) The Netherlands, Germany and France continues to be the top manufacturing nations.
  3) Germany also provides electronics and scientific instruments.
  4) France has one of the worlds fastest passenger trains, (the TGV) and a space program.
  5) Switzerland specializes in the service industry of banking.

B) Tourism and Luxury

  1) Due to the scenery, mild climate, and historical sites, Western Europe is popular with tourists.
  2) German cars and Swiss watches are considered status symbols because Western Europe exports luxury items to the world.
  3) France is famous for its high-fashion clothing and gourmet foods.
 
IV. Great Music and Art

 A) Music

  1) Germany and Austria are famous for music.
  2) The famous artist Johann Sebastian Bach happened to be from Germany as well.

B) Painting

  1) Art is a very respected and an important career in Europe. The Europeans take a lot of pride in what they do.

A) City Life 
  
   1) Western Europe has good transportation, and offers many cultural attractions.      
   2) Many Europeans live in small homes as do Americans.
   3) One thing that is different between Americans and Europeans is that Europeans get more                    vacation days.


 B) Recent Conflicts
  
   1) In recent decades, immigration has been a source of conflict here. in the 1980s, increasing numbers of "guest workers" from Yugoslavia and Turkey came to West Germany for jobs.
   2) Political leader Joerg Haider made controversial remarks that defended former Nazis and that immigrants found offending.